Whooping cough outbreak worst on record
More than 45,000 cases of the infectious lung disease expected by year end
Australia is in the grip of the largest whooping cough epidemic since the introduction of vaccines to protect against the bacteria, according to national notifiable disease data.1
41,013 cases of the highly infectious and potentially deadly lung disease have already been recorded in Australia this year – with another 53 days remaining in 2024.1 This is more than the previous record set in 2011 when 38,748 cases of whooping cough (pertussis) were confirmed for the full year.1
Approximately 130 confirmed cases of whooping cough have been recorded each day on average in 2024, with more than 45,000 cases of the respiratory infection expected by the end of the year.1
The findings come as the Immunisation Foundation of Australia releases its 2024 Whooping Cough Report Card, which reveals that New South Wales and Queensland have been hardest hit, with almost half and nearly 30 per cent of notifications respectively.1
The Report Card also found a major spike in cases among school-aged children, with nearly 40 per cent of notifications of the so-called ‘100-day cough’ recorded in 10-14-year-olds.1
The Report Card’s launch coincides with Whooping Cough Day (8 November), which encourages Australians of all ages to remain up to date with vaccination.
Dr Laurence Luu, Chancellor’s Research Fellow and Lecturer at University of Technology Sydney said, “Epidemics of whooping cough follow a fairly predictable pattern, so we did predict a rise in cases this year.”
“However, we had not anticipated the magnitude of this outbreak, the largest since national notifiable disease reporting began.”
Dr Luu said an epidemic of whooping cough was being compounded by a drop in community vaccination rates against the infection that can leave people of all ages seriously ill.2
“Given the significant rise in whooping cough cases, current vaccination rates are a major concern,” he said.
“While we do an incredible job protecting newborns and infants, re-vaccination or ‘booster’ rates are alarmingly low.”
Research shows that in 2023, one-in-four adolescents turning 13 years of age missed out on their whooping cough booster, while only one-in-five Australians aged over 50 years is up to date for whooping cough vaccination.2,3 The Immunisation Foundation of Australia recommends adults get a booster shot at least every 10 years to maintain protection against the bacterial infection.
Dr Luu explained that whooping cough is more contagious than influenza, measles or COVID-19,4 “which means it can spread like wildfire”.
He warned that record-levels of infection are unlikely to abate, with the Spring and Summer months often associated with a spike in cases, and November usually being the worst month for whooping cough.5,6
The findings are of particular concern to Immunisation Foundation of Australia founder, Catherine Hughes AM. During the last epidemic, Ms Hughes’ four-week-old son Riley died from whooping cough complications.
She says that despite subsequent improvements in the prevention of whooping cough in infants and pregnant women, “whooping cough remains a public health threat in Australia”.
“Whooping cough can be deadly for infants and can lead to severe illness in older children and adults – especially those with asthma, who are four times more likely to be infected and have a higher chance of being admitted to hospital,”7,8 Ms Hughes said.
Whooping cough is a highly contagious bacterial infection that attacks the airways, causing uncontrollable coughing and difficulty breathing. The coughing fits can be so severe that they cause vomiting, incontinence, broken ribs and hospitalisation.
As symptoms of whooping cough don’t appear immediately (often for a week or two following infection), the bacteria is easily spread and, once infected, a person can remain contagious for three weeks or until they complete a course of antibiotics.9 One infected person may unwittingly spread the disease to up to 17 unvaccinated people.4,10
“Australians should be alert to the signs of infection, ensure their vaccinations are up to date, and get a booster shot without delay if needed,” Dr Luu said. “If you have a new or ongoing cough, seek medical advice as soon as possible.”
Ms Hughes emphasises that although vaccination is the best defence against whooping cough, immunity decreases over time.11
“Many people are unaware of the necessity for a booster vaccine and are probably not adequately protected against whooping cough,” she said.
“We all have a role to play in controlling the spread of whooping cough and reducing the risk of infection in ourselves and others. It takes community effort to protect against whooping cough.”
The 2024 Whooping Cough Report Card can be downloaded here.
Australians can check their vaccination status by talking to a doctor, pharmacist or by accessing their Immunisation History Statement via the Express Plus Medicare app.
Find out more about Whooping Cough at: www.ifa.org.au/WhoopingCoughDay
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Catherine Hughes AM, Founder and Director of the Immunisation Foundation of Australia
Catherine is the founder of the Immunisation Foundation of Australia and Light For Riley, established after the death of her son Riley from whooping cough in 2015.
Only days after Riley's death, Catherine and husband Greg successfully advocated for the introduction of free whooping cough vaccines for pregnant women, resulting in a sharp increase in awareness of the impact of whooping cough in babies and up to 90 percent of Australian pregnant women choosing to protect their babies during pregnancy.
In 2022, Catherine was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia for her services to immunisation.
Dr Laurence Luu, Chancellor’s Research Fellow and Lecturer, UTS
Dr Luu is a microbiologist and infectious diseases researcher in the School of Life Sciences at University of Technology Sydney (UTS). His research passion focuses on understanding the bacteria that causes whooping cough and how it has re-emerged in Australia.
In 2024, Dr Luu received a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Investigator Grant to continue his research and improve vaccines for whooping cough.
- Australian Government Department of Health, National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). Number of notifications of Pertussis by age group and sex
- NCIRS. Annual Immunisation Coverage Report 2023. Available at: https://ncirs.org.au/sites/default/files/2024-10/NCIRS%20Annual%20Immunisation%20Coverage%20Report%202023.pdf
- Hendry AJ et al. Tetanus, pertussis, and diphtheria vaccination coverage in older adults, Australia, 2023: Analysis of Australian Immunisation Register Data. Medical Journal of Australia. 2024 Jul 17.
- Shaw CL. and Kennedy DA. Theor Popul Biol. What the reproductive number ℛ0 can and cannot tell us about COVID-19 dynamics. 2021 Feb; 137: 2–9.
- Leong RNF, at al. Estimating seasonal variation in Australian pertussis notifications from 1991 to 2016: evidence of spring to summer peaks. Epidemiology and Infection. 2019;147
- Australian Government Department of Health, Communicable Diseases Intelligence, Australian vaccine preventable disease epidemiological review series: Pertussis, 2013–2018. 2022. Volume 46
- Jenkins VA et al. Hum Vaccines Immunother 2020; DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1738168.
- Buck PO et al. Epidemiol Infect 2017;145(10):2109–21
- New York State. Department of Health. Pertussis or Whooping Cough Fact Sheet. Available at: https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/2171/
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Expert Consultation on Pertussis. Available at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/expert-consultation-pertussis
- Department of Health and Aged Care. Pertussis (whooping cough). The Australian Immunisation Handbook. 2022. Available from: https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/pertussis-whooping-cough
Key Facts:
Australia is experiencing its largest whooping cough outbreak on record, with more than 41,000 cases recorded in 2024 so far.
There is a spike in cases among 10-14-year-olds, who make up nearly 40% of notifications.
New South Wales and Queensland are hardest hit, accounting for around half and nearly 30% of all cases, respectively.
Whooping cough is highly contagious, spreading more easily than COVID-19 or measles. Individuals can infect up to 17 unvaccinated people and remain contagious for weeks if untreated.
About us:
About the Immunisation Foundation of Australia
The Immunisation Foundation of Australia was established by the family of Riley Hughes, who have become vocal advocates of immunisation after the death of their son from whooping cough in 2015. Believing in the importance of parents and community-members standing up to support immunisation, the foundation’s mission is to inspire further community-based immunisation advocacy, helping to protect babies and families from vaccine-preventable diseases.
The Immunisation Foundation of Australia envisions a world where families are no longer affected by the unnecessary suffering and death caused by vaccine-preventable diseases. To help make this vision a reality, we are committed to creating a network of community-based immunisation champions who share our common values of respect, integrity and evidence-based advocacy.
Contact details:
Catherine Hughes on 0421 483 391
Candice Hitchcock on 0466 586 758